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美國種族主義者的繩環

2007-10-16 21:27迴響:15點閱:7511

 一個繩索環挑起了美國社會最敏感的神經。
幾天前,紐約哥倫比亞大學一位黑人教授的研究室門口被掛上一個繩索環,成為國際新聞。因為這個繩環代表的是美國早期南方白人對黑人的私刑---用繩環在樹上進行絞刑。如今,這個種族仇恨最具體的象徵竟然出現在一所大學,一位以研究美國種族問題著稱的黑人教授門口。

上個月這個白色繩環才震盪全美。去年底,在南方路易斯安那州一個小鎮高中裡,一名黑人學生坐在素來只有白人能坐的一棵大樹下,第二天這個樹上就出現三個繩環。這引起小鎮的深深不安和黑白學生間的鬥毆。六名黑人學生毆打一名白人學生,竟然被判決意圖謀殺。民權運動人士認為,這個判決反映了美國南方司法體系中深植已久的種族歧視,因而在九月底發動上萬人的抗議遊行。


這場遊行讓人想起六零年代的民權運動。但事實上,種族主義並不是在六零年代以後被根除,然後在現在突然再出現;而是一直以更隱晦的姿態存在於美國社會。不過,在政治場域中,他們卻從不曖昧,反而是共和黨最鮮明的印記。

六零年中期民權運動廢除了南方許多種族主義的制度後,共和黨就採取所謂的「南方策略」,亦即利用南方白人對民權運動進展的嚴重不滿,以及其對黑人的持續歧視,把他們從民主黨手中爭取過來。

尼克森總統打造的這個南方策略,從此改變美國政治版圖。從七零年代後,幾乎每任共和黨總統都多少有種族主義的象徵性動作。1980年雷根競選總統時,前往 1964年三名民權運動義工被謀殺的密西西比州的一個小城;但他不是去哀悼他們,而是說他支持當年州政府進行種族隔離的權利。1988年,老布希總統在競選中不斷去談當時一樁黑人囚犯強暴白人女子的案件,來剝削白人的恐懼。他的主要競選策士就承認,「只要我們在南方一再談這個案子,我們就會贏」。兩千年的選舉,他的兒子小布希去一所南方大學演講----這個大學當時以禁止黑人和白人間的戀愛而惡名昭彰。


共和黨的南方策略具有明顯效果。在那場兩千年的總統大選中,小布希只拿了百分之九的黑人選票。但反正共和黨不在乎黑人選票,因為他們可以掌握南方白人支持。許多評論家就認為,即使南方白人工人在經濟利益是與重視富人的共和黨矛盾,但由於南方策略的種族牌(再加上宗教、墮胎等所謂「價值」議題),使得他們願意支持共和黨。因此,去年底的國會選舉中,民主黨雖然在各種人口類別中都取得多數,但南方白人還是有六成在眾議院選舉中投給共和黨。

雖然政治動員並不是美國種族主義持續根植的唯一因素,但是政治人物的政策和言語操弄,顯然會深化社會中的種族矛盾。

2005年,共和黨為了開始爭取選票,終於對南方策略道歉。共和黨全國委員會主席在代表布希出席黑人民權組織時說:「過去有些共和黨人放棄非裔美人的選票,利用種族對立來爭取白人選票。我今天要代表共和黨說,我們錯了」

他們真的知道錯了嗎?

就在九月底路易斯安那州遊行的後幾天,公共電視在一個以黑人為主的大學舉辦一場關於美國族群問題的辯論,四名共和黨的主要總統參選人全部拒絕參加(民主黨的辯論則在六月順利舉辦過)。而就在辯論的一週前,共和黨參議員否決讓華府地區擁有國會代表----因為這個地區是以黑人為大多數。

更諷刺的是,正是整整五十年前,1957年的九月,美國高中的種族隔離開始被廢除----在阿肯薩斯州小岩城的一所原本以白人為主高中,聯邦政府派部隊護送九名黑人進入就讀。沒想到,四十年後,南方中學中的種族隔離、華府政治中的種族主義,即使沒有制度化,但是是根深蒂固。

看來,種族主義者的絞刑環,套住的不是他人的肉體,而是他們自己的靈魂----始終充滿偏見、歧視與敵意的靈魂。


(中國時報2007/10/16)

littlerock0709.jpg

(照片為1957年黑人女學生進入小岩城的Central High school的著名歷史照片,後面是一名白人女生在辱罵他。)

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引用:http://blog.chinatimes.com/soundfury/archive/2007/10/16/207712.html
2007-10-16 21:27作者:張鐵志分類:反叛的哲學迴響:15點閱:7511

迴響與引用列表

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

請問鐵志:
黑白人之間的問題,跟我們黃人的關係在哪裡?

2008-02-25 06:07 kevin

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

The racial problem is getting worse in this world, not just in the US, but also worldwide. In Europe, the huge influx of legal/illegal immigrants from poor countries include huge number of blakcs, many of them are Moslems as well.
Now in the US, those who have darker skins, have beards, look like Arabs are treated with suspicion. Many dark Indians and Pakistanis are often mistaken as Arabs by their neighbors, colleagues, classmates, or fellow passengers on public transportation.
Asians, whether Chinese (or Taiwanese ?), Japanese, Korean, Vietnames, Thai, etc. are often considered as "aliens" or "foreigners". Asians are "permanent aliens", "invisible citizens".
Most ironic and funny is that the blacks consider themselves now "real" Amerians as well. They also consider Asians (Asian-Americans, i.e.) as undesirable, untrustworthy, unwelcome "foreigners" who do not belong there. They think they "earned" their place in the US due to their slave ancestors.
Of course they do not know that thousands and thousands of Chinese labourers were abducted as slaves from Guangdong to build the Union Pacific Railroad, and digging gold mines in California, died there due to slave labour.

2007-12-25 22:57 UJH

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

TA,是1957沒錯,但是應該是五十年,而不是四十年,是我的筆誤,謝謝。
only fair,我所看到的報導事實似乎和你也有所出入。不過沒關係,那個不是最關鍵。還是謝謝。

2007-10-17 23:57 iron

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

應該是1967罷?那才是距今40年.
(倒數第二段和照片說明)

2007-10-17 19:25 TA

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

Hi Jerry,
When praised and asked :"you speak pretty good English,how long have you been living in the United States?", a friend of mine,a 4th generation Chinese really getting pissed off decided to ridicule his new boss, "my great great great great grand father was a soldier fighting and getting killed in U.S. Civil War in 1863."

2007-10-17 09:21 twinelms

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

This is what I experienced personally a few years back: I returned to Chicago from a trip abroad and as I was passing the immigration desk designated for American citizens with US passports, the official looked at my US passport and asked "how long do you plan to stay in this country this time?" An innocent mistake? You will be the judge. Ironically, the official was an African American.

2007-10-17 08:51 jerry from chicago

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

Ming先生好,
以下是我資料出處,http://www.411mania.com/politics/columns/60901
也請看, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena_Six 有更詳盡的客觀敘述.


不管任何理由,罵人不對, 打人更不對.
可以反對, 可以遊行, 但不能因為這人講台語就揍他一拳或這人穿紅衣就潑他硫酸, 一樣道理.

2007-10-17 07:19 only fair

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

台灣更有種族主義 你應該談我們自己的 不然感覺像逃避

2007-10-17 05:06 sad

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

Dear only fair,

Where did you get your "truth about the Jena Six"? Your quotation is conflicted with what I learned from NYTIMES and CNN.
Could you double check your news sources and reconfirm that it is nothing but PURE TRUTH? Thanks a lot.

2007-10-17 04:14 ming

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環


Like Taiwan, the United States is a "stolen" country. The descendants of the "thieves" do not want to see the stolen country to get stolen again. Accordingly,they will do all they can do to keep their race in power.

2007-10-17 03:18 twinelms

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

美國阿公的荒謬
中時電子報╱中國時報華府特派員傅建中
2006-12-05
...........別一廂情願的以為自己生在美國,美國人就會把你當做同胞。事實上,除非你是碧眼黃髮的白人,老美鮮有不把你當作異類的。有名的例子是美國兩位日裔參議員(松永和井上均選自夏威夷)均曾因其膚色而受辱。雷根當政時,美、日兩國在華府舉行會談,會後海格國務卿在國務院舉行酒會招待日方代表,松永(Sen. Matsunaga已故)參議員亦受邀,海格竟不識松永,誤以為他是日方人員,惹得松永老大不高興,但耐著性子故意以日本腔的英語和海格寒喧,突然間口氣一變,改說純正的美式英文,提醒海格:「國務卿先生,難道你忘了前不久在參院外交委員會就你任命的聽證會上,我投了通過你任命的一票嗎?」松永這一招,無疑打了海格一耳光,使海格窘極。

井上(Sen.Inouye)參議員二次大戰時,在義大利以美軍身分作戰,失去一臂,對美國可算是無限忠誠。水門事件時,白宮官員被召到參院作證,某一官員對遭東方面孔的井上嚴詞詰問,極不服氣,在休會片刻時,私下罵井上為little Jap(小日本鬼子之意,是美國人對日人極為輕蔑的稱呼),豈知麥克風沒關上,以致聲聞全場,引起軒然大波,曾任副總統的韓福瑞參議員等紛紛發言譴責該白宮官員,向井上道歉。

記者舉出上例在說明即使像松永和井上這類生長在美的日裔,且貴為參議員,但因其膚色,美國人還是不把他們視為正牌的美國人。............

2007-10-17 00:51 Yvonne

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

"去年底,在南方路易斯安那州一個小鎮高中裡,一名黑人學生坐在素來只有白人能坐的一棵大樹下,第二天這個樹上就出現三個繩環。這引起小鎮的深深不安和黑白學生間的鬥毆。六名黑人學生毆打一名白人學生,竟然被判決意圖謀殺。"
The Truth Behind the Jena Six
Way back on August 30, 2006, an all-male back-to-school assembly was held at Jena High School, where an assistant principal went over the rules for the upcoming school year and then held a Q and A period. One particular African-American student asked a question that Craig Franklin, a reporter with the Jena Times, has reported was a clear joke that elicited laughter from both whites and blacks: Could blacks sit under the same tree that whites did in the school's courtyard? The principal stated anyone could sit anywhere, after the laughter had died down.

The Jena Times reports that the tree in question was never designated as a white's only tree, but had been planted in 1986 and was only recently tall enough to grant shelter to students of all races during lunch.

From roughly September 9 to November 30th, no racial violence was reported. Tranquility reigned. Sadly, that night, the main building of the Jena High School was deliberately set fire and gutted. No suspect has been named in the case.

December 4th, the first day of classes after the fire, found white student Justin Barker attacked by black football player Mychal Bell. He was hit from behind and fell to the ground. Soon after, eight to ten blacks joined in the fun of assaulting the white student, where after the beating commenced, he was quickly taken to the hospital.

LaSalle Parish District Attorney Reed Walters charged six of the African-American attackers with attempted murder. Just before the trials, he reduced the charges to aggravated second-degree battery and conspiracy. This was more equitable, but in reality, when you have a fight between one and six-to-10 people, what those 10 people are trying to accomplish can't be considered fair.

A jury of five women and one man found Mr. Bell guilty. He was to be sentenced on September 20. One important factoid for you: national pundits have pointed that an all-white jury found Bell guilty. That is true, but they fail to mention that none of the blacks that were called for jury duty showed up, nor did many whites who dodged jury duty that day.

Thus the christening of the glorious "Jena 6," as Bell and five other defendants were anointed the new vanguard battling vicious white racism that threatens to undue the Civil Rights movement and bring about a restoration of intolerant white justice.
Unlike in the epic 2003 movie, "Lord of the Rings: Return of the King," Jena High School did not have "White Tree." Instead, it had relative peace for three months after a misguided noose incident, until 10 African-Americans decided to assault a white student.

Truth, in the end, wins out. Yes, this country has racial problems. What do you expect from a multiracial country? But, in Jena, it wasn't 10 whites who beat up a defenseless black. It was the other way around. And yet, somehow, Justin Barker is forgotten. And the Jena Six are the victims.
沒錯, 白人學生套繩環者應受更嚴厲的處分, 然而被黑人學生歐打到倒地不醒人事而嚴重腦震盪的白人學生又何其無辜, 他並非套繩環者.
凡事應看其兩面, 勿一面倒.
毆打

2007-10-17 00:33 only fair

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

其實從政經利益的角度來看
我們可以更容易了解為什麼藍領白人要比白領白人更支持種族主義
因為去掉了膚色這個與生俱來的優勢 這些藍領白人要拿什麼去跟黑人競爭
撿便宜的事 人人都想做 誰說不是呢

2007-10-17 00:27 ming

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

If more and more Americans found out that a specific ethnic group has tightly controlled their country in terms of almost everything, plus the racial tensions like what you just mentioned in your article, this so-called superpower will IMPLODE.

On paper the United States of America is the most dominant country on earth. But,but,but,that's "ON PAPER".

2007-10-17 00:15 twinelms

回應: 美國種族主義者的繩環

1963年8月28日,在華府舉行了百萬人民權大遊行,金恩博士發表他撼動世界的「我有一個夢」演說。多位重要黑人白人歌手輪流在他們一生最大的群眾場面演唱,並一起大合唱了”Blowin’ in the Wind”----這首不過才剛剛發表、由二十出頭白人男孩 Bob Dylan 寫的歌,已經和當天另一首大合唱的民權運動聖歌”We Shallvercome”,站在同樣的天平上,一起成為民權運動的國歌。
Katie Melua--Blowing In The Wind A song from Bob Dylan
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GzHVgCR1Hw&mode=related&search=

2007-10-16 23:29 Y

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